The total number of political prisoners who starved to death, were executed, or died under torture in public or private prisons remains unknown. The victims of Tonton Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). 1916-1917. Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. [3][9] Romain, the former chief of police during the Duvalier regime, said Aristide had been "justly punished". In January and February 1999, Rmy Lucas, Lonard Lucas and Jean-Michel Richardson were detained for a short period. As such, the role of the Gestapo changed as well, from merely secret police force tasked with intelligence and oppression of enemies ofthe Nazis within Germany, to those in the occupied territories as well. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, b; Americas Watch, 1991: 4). Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. 5, 2003. 17:09 EST 13 Jan 2010 "The repression went across all classes, all over the country. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. [21] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. 1987 (July 23): Event known in collective memory as the Jean-Rabel massacre. In the vicinity of Jean-Rabel (in the Northwest of the country), paramilitary groups led by macoutesand acting upon orders from a local land oligarch, Rmy Lucas, killed at least 139 peasants (300 according to various human rights groups and the OAS, and 1,042 according to Nicol Poitevien, one of the self-proclaimed assassins). OpenSubtitles2018.v3. After Germanys defeat, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials declared the Gestapo a criminal organization and many of its members were executed for war crimes. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. After Baby Doc was forced to flee in 1986, the Tonton Macoutes were . Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the President's power, of which there were many. THE TONTON MACOUTES In order to intimidate the Garde, which still had some professional standards, Du-valier organized a "militia" which may num-ber some 8,000 men. 1964 (July-August): Following a raid on June 24, 1964 by an anti-Duvalierist, Dominican Republic-based guerrilla group in the southeastern region of the country, the macoutesand the army carried out a vast repression operation and killed about 600 people in the towns of Mapou, Thiotte, Grand-Gosier and Belle-Anse. Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. Tonton Macoute: Directed by Nigel Robinson. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). 2004 (February 11): Event known as the massacre de la scierie. Fifty individuals, members of an anti-Aristide peoples organization known as RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS) were allegedly killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc by chimres(members of an illegal, armed pro-Aristide group) led by an organization known as Bal Wouz, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of the Haitian Parliament. Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997 ; ICHR, 1993), 1991 (September 30 and the first few days of October): In the afternoon of September 30, a commando of army soldiers moved into the Lamentin 50 neighborhood, in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, randomly opened fire on bystanders and private homes, and indiscriminately threw grenades into local houses. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections. LAgonie dun Etat-Nation, LHarmattan, , 1999. Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. The names, in Crole, of the US officers who committed acts of violence against civilians, are still present in collective memory in the affected areas: Ouiliyanm (Lieutenant Lee Williams), Linx (Commandant Freeman Lang) and Captain Lavoie (Gaillard, 1981: 27-71). 44 ratings5 reviews. 589-636. According to US journalist Harry Frank (in Gaillard, 1981: 208), US pilots did not verify what type of gathering (a Caco camp, an open farmers market, or peasants on their way to church) they were attacking. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. He profited by extortion carried out by his henchmen and by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. The Tontons Macoutes remained active even after the presidency of Papa Doc Duvalier's son Baby Doc Duvalier ended in 1986. By Printed and made by the E.J. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. Some of the most important members of the Tonton Macoute were vodou leaders and this religious affiliation gave the Macoutes a sense of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Castor, Suzy, Le Massacre de 1937 et les relations hatiano-dominicaines, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1988. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his son's reign of power. Filan, Kenaz (2007). Indeed, the devastating earthquake now bringing death and heartbreak is the latest in a long line of tragedies to befall a place dubbed the Island of the Damned. The Vieux family lost four of its members. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. Diederich is a journalist who once ran a newspaper in Haiti titled Haiti Sun. Available at:http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, IV. As of August 2004, the minister of Justice had asked for the United Nations and the OAS participation in carrying out forensic analysis. In author Shannon Mayers Forty-Proof series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo zombie army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villains army. _ During this period, most of the killings and executions targeted small groups of individuals and therefore can not be listed here. Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier murdered Michelet Dubreus and Jean Flix - two members of the popular organization Verit who had signed a public letter identifying participants in the massacre. President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. 06:29 EST 14 Jan 2010. From 1919 on, the US airforce in Haiti was composed of at least three planes and used five airports (that it built) throughout the country. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. After the country's first free elections in 1991, the new president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was forced to flee after a coup by corrupt military figures keen to control lucrative cocaine smuggling routes. United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. However, women and children were systematically excluded from repression (even the families of the leaders of the various rebellions against Alexiss regime). Several families were entirely exterminated. The story takes place in New Orleans. Recently, Francois Duvalier's grandson, Jean Claude's son, Franois-Nicolas Duvalier, an adviser to Haiti's current president Michel Martelly, wrote an opinion piece praising his grandfather's "republican values" and calling him a "great nationalist.". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. These attacks may have been the first ever carried out by air on civilian populations. It's likely the most familiar name on the 1971 debut album by British jazz-rockers Tonton Macoute isn't that of any band member or even engineer Martin Rushent (who went on to produce the Buzzcocks, Stranglers and Dr Feelgood among many others). At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. [14] In 1971, President Duvalier died[15] and his widow Simone, and son Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. Hurbon, Laennec, La Dsymbolisation du pouvoir et ses effets meurtriers, Chemins Critiques, Montreal, Cidihca, 2001. 2013, Amy Wilentz, Farewell, Fred . The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. The bloodbath began at the home of Montas's neighbor, Lieutenant Franois Benoit, an elite marksman who had been dismissed from the army. Jean-Bertrand Aristide had not been sworn in yet when this event took place, and the interim government was led by Mrs. Trouillot, a civilian. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. _ ** (Gaillard, 1983: 186-190, 237-241, 259-262; Trouillot, 1990: 102-107; Manigat, 2003: 71-74). _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. Soldiers collected several bodies, which were not seen again. They were killed in their cells by firing squads. Others, who slowed down their pace of work, were killed with machetes (Gaillard, 1982). A bogeyman of Haitian Creole folklore. Bernard Diederich lived in Haiti for 14 years and had personal experience of the early Duvalier days and the period of Maloire's rule. Numa, the taller and thinner of the two, stands erect, in perfect profile, barely . [12] This group answered to him only. [6] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. The first six were adolescents. These figures were contested by interviewed witnesses. Andrew Malone for the Daily Mail, Journalist in six-hour dash across Haiti to rescue wife trapped under earthquake rubble, Haiti earthquake in pictures: How natural disaster ripped an island apart, Haiti earthquake: Death toll could be 'well over 100,000' as bloodstained bodies pile high in streets, Isabel Oakeshott receives 'menacing' message from Matt Hancock, Insane moment river of rocks falls onto Malibu Canyon in CA, Pavement where disabled woman gestured at cyclist before fatal crash, Mom who lost both sons to fentanyl blasts laughing Biden, Pro-Ukrainian drone lands on Russian spy planes exposing location, 'Buster is next!' The Haitian Ministry of Justice, with the help of several international human rights groups such as the OAS-UN joint civilian mission (MICIVIH) and the International Lawyers Office, prosecuted several individuals involved in murders and human rights violations. Those with the misfortune to be born in Haiti - part of the island of Hispaniola, shared with the Dominican Republic - have long endured a living hell. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. Human Rights Watch, Thirst for Justice. United Nations, Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti (AA 55/335), United Nations, New York, 2000. Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. _ *** (NCHR, 1986: 18-19; Human Rights Watch, 1996). Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary The approximate number of civilians and unarmed combatants killed during the civil war remains unknown but, according to historian Roger Gaillard, the peasants paid a heavy price.. It was that of the sleeve designer. On April 3, several macoutes arrived in the area, set several houses on fire and raped an unknown number of peasant women. Following Jean-Claude Duvaliers flight and exile, a crowd of half a million people took to the streets of Port-au-Prince, chased macoutes and destroyed the symbols of despotism. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. Unions were crushed. Haiti Face the Future, EPICA, Washington, DC, 1994. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. Most of the victims of this popular justice lived downtown and, therefore, were macoute chiefs of lesser importance or even miserable wretches (Trouillot, 1990: 155). Genres: Jazz-Rock, Progressive Rock. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . H.J. By 1572, fearing that the power of the Oprichniki had reached heights the Tsar could no longer control, Ivan forced the group to disband, making it a crime to even utter their name. Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. In the northeastern region alone, up to 15,000 individuals were killed, most of them with machetes, between the 2nd and the 8th of October. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. Tonton Macoute Lyrics: Come on to Haiti, you don't need a treaty / Papa Doc will do you OK / Tonton in the sun, he's polishing his gun / You'd better just stay out of his way / If you turn a . [8], The Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, Franck Romain, a former Tonton Macoute leader, was accused of being involved. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. The government of Boisrond-Canal and General Nord Alexis fought Antnor Firmins rebel troops (Nord Alexis eventually prevailed and governed until 1908). . _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Rapport de la Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Port-au-Prince, 1997. sword and fairy 7 how to change language. Emmanuel was a Vodou Hougan (priest) in Port Au Prince, Haiti, where he lived with his wife and children. Although this killing was not politically motivated, it provoked great concern since it was the first large-scale execution since the return to democracy and suggested that the armys violent tactics against the poor had not ended, even though Aristide had officially abolished it. 1986 (April 26): Event known in collective memory as the massacre of Fort-Dimanche. Army soldiers and attachs opened fire on a peaceful demonstration attempting to honor the victims of the Duvalier regime in the Fort-Dimanche prison (the date of April 26th was also in reference to the 1963 killing). Wilentz, A., The Rainy Season. Edwidge Danticat was born in Haiti and currently lives in Miami. The soldiers first shot at voters in the waiting line with automatic weapons, before continuing their attack with machetes inside the polling station. 1994 (night of February 2-3): Killing named Massacre de Carrefour Vincent by the Truth and Justice Commission. The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Historians use the term genocide in reference to this event. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. LaGeurta and Doakes speak about the atrocities committed by Tonton Macoute. _ * (These events were often mentioned in interviews with witnesses and in an OAS report (ICHR, 1991: 469) but no exhaustive study has been conducted on the subject). p. 21. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. The NKVD had important rolesin the implementation and execution of the Gulags, as well as during the Second World War. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 02:18. This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. Several dozens of people were also taken to the Fort-Dimanche prison in Port-au-Prince and were later disappeared, a method used afterward by the military regimes in Chile (1973-1989), Argentina (1976-1983) and Brazil (1964-1985). They were believed to have been abducted and killed by the MVSN, who were called the "Tontons Macoutes" as a result. Thou. He would also go on to sell cadavers to medical schools after buying them from Haitian hospitals for $3 per corpse. Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. Turits (2003: 169) also contended that Dominican civilians did not participate in the killings, contrarily to Castors perception of the events (1988), as well as that of Haitian collective memory. The most infamous of these killers is the Cannibal Gang, a group of sadists once led by a former prisoner with political aspirations, who was himself shot in the eyes and had his heart cut out in 2004. [17], The Tontons Macoute were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 presidential referendum, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent 1,320,748 to 0, electing him to another term. The massacre began on July 23, but it lasted through the weekend and into the next week. [6] According to MICIVIH forensic examinations conducted within days after the event, all of these 11 extra-judiciary executions were carried out in cold blood: the 11 individuals had been killed while lying down on the floor with both hands tied. All the perpetrators knew the executed families well. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jean_Bosco_massacre&oldid=1136679075, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 15:59. The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. In 1920, the US Navy investigation commission interrogated occupying officers regarding allegations of acts of violence committed by the air force, but the commission did not deliver any condemnations, or even make any formal accusations. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . Franois Duvalier, known as Papa Doc, was elected president with the armys support in 1957 and ruled Haiti until his death in 1971. Between the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986 and the December 1990 election, a series of short-lived military governments and coups dEtat punctuated the 5-year inter-regnum. Later on the same day, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, assisted by army soldiers from Saint-Marc, Artibonite, travelled to Gervais and carried out further killings in retaliation. During their reign, an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 men, women, and children were killed. 2022 The Progressive Inc. 931 E. Main Street, Suite 10 Madison, Wisconsin 53703 (608) 257-4626, Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later. Seven of its occupants, aged 20 to 30 years, were shot and killed while fleeing the house. The Stasi was fundamentally an intelligence agency, and it is estimated that there was one Stasi informant per 160 East German citizens. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. In 1995, once constitutional rule and democracy had been restored, the Truth and Justice Commission investigated the crimes and human rights violations committed during this regime and published a detailed report (1995). According to witnesses, the FRAPH prevented inhabitants from fleeing their burning houses. The military ruled until September 19, 1994, when US President Clinton ordered the US marines to intervene and reinstall democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. [1] Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear at night, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1990. Originally published in 1970, this is the story of Haiti under the rule of Dr. Fran ois Duvalier. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. A Macoute from the Duvalier era. Even after Papa Doc died in 1971 there was no respite for Haiti. Often, many corpses were displayed in public as a warning to Haitians and as a display of Duvaliers power. The number of victims was 15 according to collective memory and 8 according to the Human Rights Watch report (1996). [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. Papa Doc Duvalier created the Tontons Macoutes because he perceived the military to be a threat to his power. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. . Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. Members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, commonly known as the Tonton Macoute, Haiti 1960 photo credit by reddit Over their 28-year run, the Makout killed an estimated 60,000 people, according to the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. Literature. Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. 1969 (April 5): Event known as the massacre de Cazale. In the village of Cazale (sometimes spelled Casale or Casal), North of Port-au-Prince, army soldiers and macouteskilled several dozen peasant families. Fifteen of them, including some journalists covering the event, were mowed down in hail of bullets by Duvalier loyalists. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 : Vido de la terreur des Duvalier. The World's Most Entertaining Car Website, The Highest-Grossing Tracy Morgan Movies, Ranked, 10 of the Most Brutal Secret Police Forces in History, A Peek Inside Tom Hardy's Insane Car Collection, A Peek Inside Jennifer Aniston's Stunning $15 Million Montecito Farmhouse, Here's How Boxing Champion Floyd Mayweather Spent Half A Billion Dollars, A Peek Inside David Beckham's Insane Car Collection, The Net Worth Of 'The Real Housewives Of Salt Lake City', Ranked, Rihanna Confirmed To Be The First Ever Performer For Apple Music Super Bowl Halftime Show, 8 Outrageous Ways Joel Osteen Spends His Massive $100 Million Fortune, The 8 Most Expensive Photographs Ever Sold At Auctions, Kanye West Allegedly Restricted By Instagram, Twitter Due To Violating Policies, The Tate Way: Here's How Internet Sensation Andrew Tate Earns And Spends His Fortune, Sharon Osbourne Demands $900,000 Donation To BLM Be Returned, Billionaire Philanthropist Mackenzie Scott Files Divorce For Her Second Marriage, Inside 50 Cent's Garage Massive Car Collection, Deadpool Biker's Club: Inside Ryan Reynolds' Expensive Motorcycle Collection, Kylie Jenner Being The Star Of The Night In Paris Fashion Week With Her Expensive Looks, All Of Khloe Kardashian's Boyfriends, Ranked By Net Worth, R. Kelly Will Pay More Than $300,000 For Therapy And Herpes Treatment To Sex Crimes Victims, The 10 Greatest Billboard Hits Of Nicki Minaj, Ranked.